Single cell type - GALM - The Human Protein Atlas

GALM

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GENERAL INFORMATIONⁱ General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene nameⁱ Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.	GALM
Gene descriptionⁱ Full gene name according to HGNC.	Galactose mutarotase
Protein classⁱ Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).	Disease related genes Enzymes Human disease related genes Metabolic proteins Potential drug targets
Predicted locationⁱ All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached. Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s). The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.	Intracellular
Number of transcriptsⁱ Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.	3

HUMAN PROTEIN ATLAS INFORMATIONⁱ Summary of RNA expression and protein localization based on data generated within the Human Protein Atlas project.
Single cell type expression clusterⁱ The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.	Proximal tubular cells - Amino acid metabolism (mainly)
Single cell type specificityⁱ The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed cell types based on scRNA-seq data from normal tissues. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.	Cell type enhanced (Proximal tubular cells, Proximal enterocytes, Distal enterocytes, Peritubular cells)
Tau specificity scoreⁱ Tau specificity score is a numerical indicator of the specificity of the gene expression across cells or tissues. The value ranges from 0 and 1, where 0 indicates identical expression across all cells/tissue types, while 1 indicates expression in a single cell/tissue type.	0.53
Brain cluster specificityⁱ The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed cell cluster types based on snRNA-seq data from brain samples. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected. "cell type" refer to one of the 34 cluster names used to summarize the 2.5 million cells included in the brain cell representation.	Cell type enhanced (Leukocyte)
Immune cell specificityⁱ The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.	Immune cell enhanced (T-reg)
Protein evidenceⁱ Evidence score for genes based on UniProt protein existence (UniProt evidence); neXtProt protein existence (neXtProt evidence);and a Human Protein Atlas antibody- or RNA based score (HPA evidence). The avaliable scores are evidence at protein level, evidence at transcript level, no evidence, or not avaliable.	Evidence at protein level

ASSAYSⁱ

SINGLE CELL TYPESⁱ A summary of normalized single cell RNA (nTPM) from all single cell types. Color-coding is based on cell type groups, each consisting of cell types with functional features in common.
Single cell types RNA single cell type specificity: Cell type enhanced (Proximal tubular cells, Proximal enterocytes, Distal enterocytes, Peritubular cells)

TISSUE CELL TYPEⁱ The tissue cell type section provides a cell type specificity prediction for all protein coding genes. More information on the data available can be found here and a description of the analysis here.
	Core cell typesⁱ The core cell type table displays data for a panel of eight cell types that are found in many tissues. Colored dots indicate that the selected gene has core cell type specificity in the indicated tissue. Grey dots indicate that cell type is present within that tissue, but the selected gene is not predicted to be enriched there. Category Alphabetical Enrichment Tissue specific cell typesⁱ This plot shows the enrichment score of the selected gene in all non-core cell types found within the profiled tissues, allowing comparisons between different cell types within different tissues. An enlarged symbol indicates classification of the gene as cell type enriched in the corresponding cell type.

SINGLE NUCLEI BRAINⁱ

Single nuclei cluster types

RNA brain cluster specificity: Cell type enhanced (Leukocyte)

IMMUNE CELL TYPE EXPRESSION (RNA)ⁱ Blood cell type expression overview shows RNA-seq data from three different sources: Internally generated Human Protein Atlas (HPA) data, as well as data generated by (Monaco et al) and (Schmiedel et al). Color-coding is based on blood cell type lineages, including B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells, monocytes, granulocytes and dendritic cells as well as total PBMC. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar.
HPA datasetⁱ The resulting transcript expression values calculated as nTPM, resulting from the internal normalization pipeline for 18 immune cell types and total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Lineage Expression Alphabetical Immune cell type specificity: Immune cell enhanced (T-reg)
Monaco datasetⁱ The transcript expression values (nTPM) resulting from the internal normalization pipeline are visualized for 29 blood cell types and total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Monaco et al. Lineage Expression Alphabetical
Schmiedel datasetⁱ Transcript Per Million (TPM) values are visualized for 15 blood cell types from the Schmiedel et al. dataset. Lineage Expression Alphabetical

EXPRESSION CLUSTERING & CORRELATIONⁱ

SINGLE CELL TYPE

GALM is part of cluster 56 Proximal tubular cells - Amino acid metabolism with confidenceⁱ 1
204 genes in cluster

Go to interactive expression cluster page

15 nearest neighbours based on single cell RNA expression

Neighbourⁱ Gene name according to HGNC.	Descriptionⁱ Gene description according to HGNC.	Correlationⁱ Correlation between the selected gene and neighboring gene. Correlation is calculated as Spearman correlation in PCA space based on the RNA-seq expression data.	Clusterⁱ ID of the expression cluster of the neighboring gene.
HSD17B14	Hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 14	0.6938	56
TINAG	Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen	0.6715	38
CRYL1	Crystallin lambda 1	0.6651	56
PCK1	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	0.6517	56
PEPD	Peptidase D	0.6433	22
RENBP	Renin binding protein	0.6398	56
SUCLG1	Succinate-CoA ligase GDP/ADP-forming subunit alpha	0.6373	56
AGMAT	Agmatinase	0.6371	56
SLC28A1	Solute carrier family 28 member 1	0.6319	22
GIPC2	GIPC PDZ domain containing family member 2	0.6236	56
SLC6A18	Solute carrier family 6 member 18	0.6224	56
SLC7A13	Solute carrier family 7 member 13	0.6222	56
BPHL	Biphenyl hydrolase like	0.6187	56
DAB2	DAB adaptor protein 2	0.6151	56
MT1F	Metallothionein 1F	0.6144	56

IMMUNE CELLS

GALM is part of cluster 9 T-regs - Cell cycle regulation with confidenceⁱ 0.89
166 genes in cluster

Go to interactive expression cluster page

15 nearest neighbours based on single cell RNA expression

Neighbourⁱ Gene name according to HGNC.	Descriptionⁱ Gene description according to HGNC.	Correlationⁱ Correlation between the selected gene and neighboring gene. Correlation is calculated as Spearman correlation in PCA space based on the RNA-seq expression data.	Clusterⁱ ID of the expression cluster of the neighboring gene.
WWTR1	WW domain containing transcription regulator 1	1.0000	9
TRBJ1-6	T cell receptor beta joining 1-6	1.0000	9
TRBV18	T cell receptor beta variable 18	1.0000	9
TRAV6	T cell receptor alpha variable 6	1.0000	9
TRBV20-1	T cell receptor beta variable 20-1	1.0000	9
TRBV20OR9-2	T cell receptor beta variable 20/OR9-2 (non-functional)	1.0000	9
GPA33	Glycoprotein A33	1.0000	9
PSAT1	Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1	1.0000	9
PIMREG	PICALM interacting mitotic regulator	0.9762	16
ANGPTL6	Angiopoietin like 6	0.9762	16
SARDH	Sarcosine dehydrogenase	0.9762	31
HAPLN3	Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 3	0.9762	9
MFGE8	Milk fat globule EGF and factor V/VIII domain containing	0.9762	16
PRG4	Proteoglycan 4	0.9762	16
PLCL1	Phospholipase C like 1 (inactive)	0.9762	9

Adipocytes	8.3 nTPM
Breast	10.9 nTPM
Adipose tissue	5.7 nTPM

Alveolar cells type 1	6.2 nTPM
Lung	6.2 nTPM

Alveolar cells type 2	15.7 nTPM
Lung	15.7 nTPM

Astrocytes	12.7 nTPM
Brain	12.7 nTPM

B-cells	10.5 nTPM
Skin	35.6 nTPM
Kidney	15.6 nTPM
Salivary gland	12.5 nTPM
PBMC	12.3 nTPM
Esophagus	11.8 nTPM
Adipose tissue	9.9 nTPM
Thymus	9.2 nTPM
Lung	8.0 nTPM
Lymph node	5.6 nTPM
Liver	4.8 nTPM
Bone marrow	4.7 nTPM
Stomach	3.4 nTPM
Spleen	3.2 nTPM

Ciliated cells	29.1 nTPM
Fallopian tube	56.4 nTPM
Endometrium	28.7 nTPM
Lung	28.4 nTPM
Bronchus	2.7 nTPM

Club cells	13.8 nTPM
Prostate	26.2 nTPM
Lung	12.0 nTPM
Bronchus	3.1 nTPM

Endothelial cells	10.6 nTPM
Liver	23.9 nTPM
Prostate	19.1 nTPM
Placenta	16.5 nTPM
Skin	15.5 nTPM
Ovary	13.2 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	12.1 nTPM
Endometrium	10.1 nTPM
Vascular	10.0 nTPM
Testis	9.8 nTPM
Salivary gland	9.7 nTPM
Tongue	9.1 nTPM
Breast	7.0 nTPM
Thymus	6.8 nTPM
Esophagus	6.5 nTPM
Lung	6.2 nTPM
Fallopian tube	5.3 nTPM
Pancreas	5.2 nTPM
Heart muscle	4.3 nTPM

Enteroendocrine cells	41.6 nTPM
Colon	87.5 nTPM
Rectum	20.1 nTPM
Small intestine	17.2 nTPM

Fibroblasts	14.9 nTPM
Prostate	29.0 nTPM
Breast	28.2 nTPM
Lung	15.5 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	15.3 nTPM
Heart muscle	14.8 nTPM
Skin	14.6 nTPM
Vascular	14.4 nTPM
Esophagus	14.1 nTPM
Placenta	13.3 nTPM
Liver	13.0 nTPM
Salivary gland	13.0 nTPM
Adipose tissue	12.9 nTPM
Fallopian tube	11.5 nTPM
Stomach	10.1 nTPM
Pancreas	9.5 nTPM
Thymus	8.6 nTPM

Granulocytes	5.3 nTPM
Fallopian tube	5.6 nTPM
Lung	5.5 nTPM
Tongue	4.9 nTPM

Intestinal goblet cells	38.9 nTPM
Rectum	39.8 nTPM
Small intestine	39.6 nTPM
Colon	37.4 nTPM

Lymphatic endothelial cells	6.8 nTPM
Fallopian tube	8.1 nTPM
Ovary	5.5 nTPM

Macrophages	32.4 nTPM
Pancreas	145.9 nTPM
Vascular	56.1 nTPM
Thymus	41.2 nTPM
Testis	38.4 nTPM
Kidney	38.1 nTPM
Endometrium	37.5 nTPM
Prostate	33.7 nTPM
Breast	33.0 nTPM
Salivary gland	30.5 nTPM
Skin	26.7 nTPM
Esophagus	25.7 nTPM
Fallopian tube	24.8 nTPM
Tongue	21.5 nTPM
Lung	18.9 nTPM
Adipose tissue	12.8 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	10.9 nTPM
Bone marrow	8.1 nTPM
Stomach	7.7 nTPM
Spleen	4.0 nTPM

Paneth cells	63.7 nTPM
Colon	72.4 nTPM
Rectum	66.8 nTPM
Small intestine	51.8 nTPM

Basal keratinocytes	4.2 nTPM
Skin	4.5 nTPM
Tongue	3.9 nTPM

Basal prostatic cells	41.1 nTPM
Prostate	41.1 nTPM

Bipolar cells	3.3 nTPM
Eye	3.3 nTPM

Collecting duct cells	62.2 nTPM
Kidney	62.2 nTPM

Plasma cells	9.9 nTPM
Bone marrow	18.1 nTPM
Liver	16.5 nTPM
Spleen	12.5 nTPM
Fallopian tube	10.9 nTPM
Stomach	7.5 nTPM
Thymus	6.8 nTPM
Salivary gland	6.7 nTPM
Esophagus	0.0 nTPM

Schwann cells	4.2 nTPM
Vascular	8.4 nTPM
Adipose tissue	4.3 nTPM
Esophagus	0.0 nTPM

Serous glandular cells	17.6 nTPM
Tongue	17.7 nTPM
Salivary gland	17.6 nTPM

Smooth muscle cells	12.5 nTPM
Prostate	19.5 nTPM
Ovary	19.0 nTPM
Placenta	18.8 nTPM
Liver	18.7 nTPM
Salivary gland	17.0 nTPM
Breast	13.7 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	13.1 nTPM
Skin	13.0 nTPM
Vascular	10.9 nTPM
Endometrium	10.0 nTPM
Esophagus	9.6 nTPM
Tongue	9.0 nTPM
Adipose tissue	8.0 nTPM
Fallopian tube	8.0 nTPM
Thymus	7.7 nTPM
Lung	4.7 nTPM

T-cells	41.7 nTPM
Adipose tissue	68.9 nTPM
Esophagus	56.0 nTPM
Kidney	54.1 nTPM
Tongue	53.9 nTPM
Liver	51.1 nTPM
Breast	49.7 nTPM
Stomach	49.2 nTPM
Vascular	45.8 nTPM
Skin	43.8 nTPM
Colon	42.9 nTPM
Endometrium	42.7 nTPM
Skeletal muscle	42.7 nTPM
Prostate	40.9 nTPM
Fallopian tube	39.1 nTPM
Lung	36.0 nTPM
Salivary gland	31.8 nTPM
Thymus	27.4 nTPM
Spleen	26.4 nTPM
Bone marrow	26.1 nTPM
Lymph node	23.9 nTPM
PBMC	22.6 nTPM

Undifferentiated cells	63.0 nTPM
Small intestine	77.4 nTPM
Colon	55.9 nTPM
Rectum	55.6 nTPM

Amygdala excitatory	5.8 nTPM
Amygdala	7.6 nTPM
Thalamus	7.3 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	7.0 nTPM
Hippocampus	5.4 nTPM
Basal ganglia	4.6 nTPM
Hypothalamus	3.3 nTPM

Astrocyte	27.3 nTPM
Cerebellum	30.1 nTPM
Spinal cord	29.9 nTPM
Amygdala	29.7 nTPM
Thalamus	28.2 nTPM
Hippocampus	27.6 nTPM
Hypothalamus	27.0 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	26.9 nTPM
Basal ganglia	25.7 nTPM
Midbrain	25.6 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	25.1 nTPM
Pons	24.8 nTPM

Bergmann glia	28.1 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	34.1 nTPM
Cerebellum	27.2 nTPM
Pons	23.0 nTPM

Central nervous system macrophage	55.7 nTPM
Hypothalamus	67.5 nTPM
Amygdala	61.6 nTPM
Hippocampus	59.2 nTPM
Cerebellum	59.0 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	58.2 nTPM
Basal ganglia	53.8 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	52.5 nTPM
Midbrain	52.4 nTPM
Pons	51.9 nTPM
Thalamus	50.1 nTPM
Spinal cord	46.8 nTPM

Cerebellar inhibitory	3.9 nTPM
Cerebellum	6.0 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	5.2 nTPM
Pons	4.5 nTPM
Spinal cord	2.7 nTPM
Midbrain	0.9 nTPM

Cge interneuron	4.2 nTPM
Basal ganglia	5.2 nTPM
Thalamus	4.7 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	4.6 nTPM
Midbrain	4.4 nTPM
Amygdala	4.3 nTPM
Hippocampus	4.3 nTPM
Hypothalamus	1.5 nTPM

Choroid plexus epithelial cell	28.2 nTPM
Basal ganglia	40.7 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	36.2 nTPM
Thalamus	21.9 nTPM
Hippocampus	13.9 nTPM

Committed oligodendrocyte precursor	8.0 nTPM
Cerebellum	12.7 nTPM
Spinal cord	11.0 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	10.1 nTPM
Thalamus	9.7 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	9.0 nTPM
Basal ganglia	8.8 nTPM
Midbrain	7.6 nTPM
Hypothalamus	6.8 nTPM
Hippocampus	6.2 nTPM
Amygdala	3.4 nTPM
Pons	2.7 nTPM

Deep-layer corticothalamic and 6b	4.3 nTPM
Basal ganglia	7.6 nTPM
Hippocampus	5.8 nTPM
Amygdala	5.3 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	5.1 nTPM
Hypothalamus	1.1 nTPM
Midbrain	1.1 nTPM

Deep-layer intratelencephalic	7.7 nTPM
Basal ganglia	10.0 nTPM
Amygdala	8.4 nTPM
Hippocampus	8.4 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	7.2 nTPM
Hypothalamus	4.2 nTPM

Deep-layer near-projecting	6.3 nTPM
Hippocampus	8.8 nTPM
Basal ganglia	8.4 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	6.5 nTPM
Amygdala	5.7 nTPM
Hypothalamus	1.9 nTPM

Eccentric medium spiny neuron	3.9 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	6.6 nTPM
Basal ganglia	4.8 nTPM
Amygdala	4.4 nTPM
Thalamus	3.3 nTPM
Hypothalamus	2.7 nTPM
Hippocampus	1.2 nTPM

Endothelial cell	19.9 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	52.3 nTPM
Basal ganglia	27.0 nTPM
Spinal cord	22.4 nTPM
Hypothalamus	22.3 nTPM
Midbrain	18.0 nTPM
Hippocampus	17.6 nTPM
Cerebral cortex	16.6 nTPM
Pons	15.0 nTPM
Cerebellum	11.6 nTPM
Amygdala	8.9 nTPM
Thalamus	7.3 nTPM

Ependymal cell	24.3 nTPM
Hippocampus	29.5 nTPM
Basal ganglia	27.1 nTPM
Amygdala	26.2 nTPM
Spinal cord	24.9 nTPM
Midbrain	23.5 nTPM
Medulla oblongata	22.6 nTPM
Pons	22.4 nTPM
Thalamus	21.5 nTPM
Hypothalamus	21.4 nTPM