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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes Plasma proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
1
Cytoband
q21.3
Chromosome location (bp)
153357854 - 153361023
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism 8,9,10. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions 11,12,13. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase 14,15. Participates also in regulatory T-cell differentiation together with CD69 16. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX 17,18. The extracellular functions involve pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities 19,20. Its pro-inflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration 21,22. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER) 23. Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the pro-inflammatory cascade 24,25. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth 26. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3 27. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK 28. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants 29,30. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread 31. Has transnitrosylase activity; in oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox))- induced S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' proposed to transfer the NO moiety from NOS2/iNOS to GAPDH via its own S-nitrosylated Cys-3 32. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to also direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif 33....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
Calcium, Metal-binding, Zinc
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis. This antimicrobial protein exhibits antifungal and antibacterial activity. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Predicted secreted proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0002523[leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response] GO:0002544[chronic inflammatory response] GO:0005509[calcium ion binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005856[cytoskeleton] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006914[autophagy] GO:0006915[apoptotic process] GO:0006919[activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0006935[chemotaxis] GO:0006954[inflammatory response] GO:0007267[cell-cell signaling] GO:0008017[microtubule binding] GO:0008270[zinc ion binding] GO:0010976[positive regulation of neuron projection development] GO:0014002[astrocyte development] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016209[antioxidant activity] GO:0018119[peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation] GO:0030054[cell junction] GO:0030307[positive regulation of cell growth] GO:0030593[neutrophil chemotaxis] GO:0032119[sequestering of zinc ion] GO:0032496[response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0035425[autocrine signaling] GO:0035606[peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation] GO:0035662[Toll-like receptor 4 binding] GO:0035821[modulation of process of another organism] GO:0042742[defense response to bacterium] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0045113[regulation of integrin biosynthetic process] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0048306[calcium-dependent protein binding] GO:0050544[arachidonic acid binding] GO:0050729[positive regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0050786[RAGE receptor binding] GO:0050832[defense response to fungus] GO:0051092[positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051493[regulation of cytoskeleton organization] GO:0061844[antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide] GO:0062023[collagen-containing extracellular matrix] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0070488[neutrophil aggregation] GO:0098869[cellular oxidant detoxification] GO:2001244[positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
