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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Human disease related genes Plasma proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
3
Cytoband
p25.3
Chromosome location (bp)
10285666 - 10292947
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
[Ghrelin-27]: Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR) 1. Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary 2. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Hormone
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty, whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities, including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway, gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins DeepTMHMM predicted secreted proteins DeepSig predicted secreted proteins Plasma proteins Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Other endocrine and metabolic diseases Other diseases Mental and behavioural disorders Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696[gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937[negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204[positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154[actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343[adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725[response to hormone] GO:0009755[hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016358[dendrite development] GO:0016525[negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608[growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252[growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296[protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0031768[ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024[positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095[regulation of response to food] GO:0032100[positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691[negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018[] GO:0042127[regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0042322[negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400[cortisol secretion] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0043627[response to estrogen] GO:0046010[positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697[decidualization] GO:0050728[negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216[cartilage development] GO:0051461[positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464[positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965[positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124[positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399[positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0110165[cellular anatomical entity] GO:0120162[positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis]
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins TMHMM predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins DeepTMHMM predicted secreted proteins DeepSig predicted secreted proteins Plasma proteins Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Other endocrine and metabolic diseases Other diseases Mental and behavioural disorders Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696[gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937[negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204[positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0007416[synapse assembly] GO:0008154[actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343[adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725[response to hormone] GO:0009755[hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016358[dendrite development] GO:0016525[negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608[growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252[growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296[protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0031667[response to nutrient levels] GO:0031768[ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024[positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095[regulation of response to food] GO:0032097[positive regulation of response to food] GO:0032100[positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691[negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0035483[gastric emptying] GO:0035774[positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus] GO:0040010[positive regulation of growth rate] GO:0040013[negative regulation of locomotion] GO:0040018[] GO:0042127[regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0042322[negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400[cortisol secretion] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0043627[response to estrogen] GO:0045927[positive regulation of growth] GO:0046010[positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046676[negative regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0046697[decidualization] GO:0050728[negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216[cartilage development] GO:0051461[positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464[positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051602[response to electrical stimulus] GO:0051965[positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0051969[regulation of transmission of nerve impulse] GO:0060079[excitatory postsynaptic potential] GO:0060124[positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399[positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0098685[Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0098978[glutamatergic synapse] GO:0099170[postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission] GO:0099175[regulation of postsynapse organization] GO:0110165[cellular anatomical entity] GO:0120058[positive regulation of small intestinal transit] GO:0120162[positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis] GO:1903012[positive regulation of bone development] GO:1903672[positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis] GO:1904000[positive regulation of eating behavior] GO:1904179[positive regulation of adipose tissue development] GO:1904306[positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction] GO:1904346[positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation] GO:1904349[positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction] GO:1905333[regulation of gastric motility] GO:1905564[positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation] GO:2000253[positive regulation of feeding behavior]
Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Other endocrine and metabolic diseases Other diseases Mental and behavioural disorders Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696[gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937[negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204[positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154[actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343[adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725[response to hormone] GO:0009755[hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016358[dendrite development] GO:0016525[negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608[growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252[growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296[protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0031768[ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024[positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095[regulation of response to food] GO:0032100[positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691[negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018[] GO:0042127[regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0042322[negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400[cortisol secretion] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0043627[response to estrogen] GO:0046010[positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697[decidualization] GO:0050728[negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216[cartilage development] GO:0051461[positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464[positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965[positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124[positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399[positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0110165[cellular anatomical entity] GO:0120162[positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis]
Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Other endocrine and metabolic diseases Other diseases Mental and behavioural disorders Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696[gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937[negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204[positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154[actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343[adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725[response to hormone] GO:0009755[hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016358[dendrite development] GO:0016525[negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608[growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252[growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296[protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0031768[ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024[positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095[regulation of response to food] GO:0032100[positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691[negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018[] GO:0042127[regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0042322[negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400[cortisol secretion] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0043627[response to estrogen] GO:0046010[positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697[decidualization] GO:0050728[negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216[cartilage development] GO:0051461[positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464[positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965[positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124[positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399[positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0110165[cellular anatomical entity] GO:0120162[positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis]
Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins DeepTMHMM predicted secreted proteins Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Other endocrine and metabolic diseases Other diseases Mental and behavioural disorders Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Human disease related genes Endocrine and metabolic diseases Other endocrine and metabolic diseases Other diseases Mental and behavioural disorders Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696[gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937[negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179[hormone activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186[G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204[positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154[actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343[adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725[response to hormone] GO:0009755[hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0016358[dendrite development] GO:0016525[negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608[growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252[growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296[protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0031768[ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024[positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095[regulation of response to food] GO:0032100[positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691[negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032720[negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production] GO:0034774[secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018[] GO:0042127[regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0042322[negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400[cortisol secretion] GO:0043410[positive regulation of MAPK cascade] GO:0043627[response to estrogen] GO:0046010[positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697[decidualization] GO:0050728[negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216[cartilage development] GO:0051461[positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464[positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965[positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124[positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399[positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0110165[cellular anatomical entity] GO:0120162[positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis]