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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes Enzymes Metabolic proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
8
Cytoband
p11.21
Chromosome location (bp)
39902275 - 39928790
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step of the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway 1. Involved in the peripheral immune tolerance, contributing to maintain homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses 2. Tryptophan shortage inhibits T lymphocytes division and accumulation of tryptophan catabolites induces T-cell apoptosis and differentiation of regulatory T-cells 3. Acts as a suppressor of anti-tumor immunity 4,5,6,7. Limits the growth of intracellular pathogens by depriving tryptophan 8. Protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection 9....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Dioxygenase, Oxidoreductase
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Immunity, Tryptophan catabolism
Ligand (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
Heme, Iron, Metal-binding
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) - a heme enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in tryptophan catabolism to N-formyl-kynurenine. This enzyme acts on multiple tryptophan substrates including D-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, tryptamine, and serotonin. This enzyme is thought to play a role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as antimicrobial and antitumor defense, neuropathology, immunoregulation, and antioxidant activity. Through its expression in dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages this enzyme modulates T-cell behavior by its peri-cellular catabolization of the essential amino acid tryptophan.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0002666[positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction] GO:0002678[positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response] GO:0002830[positive regulation of type 2 immune response] GO:0004833[tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006569[tryptophan catabolic process] GO:0006954[inflammatory response] GO:0007565[female pregnancy] GO:0009055[electron transfer activity] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019441[tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0022900[electron transport chain] GO:0030485[smooth muscle contractile fiber] GO:0032421[stereocilium bundle] GO:0032496[response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032693[negative regulation of interleukin-10 production] GO:0032735[positive regulation of interleukin-12 production] GO:0033555[multicellular organismal response to stress] GO:0033754[indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity] GO:0034276[kynurenic acid biosynthetic process] GO:0034354['de novo' NAD biosynthetic process from tryptophan] GO:0036269[swimming behavior] GO:0042098[T cell proliferation] GO:0042130[negative regulation of T cell proliferation] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0046007[negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0051213[dioxygenase activity] GO:0070233[negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process] GO:0070234[positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process]
Metabolic proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0006569[tryptophan catabolic process] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019441[tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0046872[metal ion binding]
Metabolic proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0006569[tryptophan catabolic process] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019441[tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0046872[metal ion binding]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0004833[tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006569[tryptophan catabolic process] GO:0007565[female pregnancy] GO:0009055[electron transfer activity] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019441[tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0022900[electron transport chain] GO:0033754[indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity] GO:0034354['de novo' NAD biosynthetic process from tryptophan] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0051213[dioxygenase activity] GO:0070234[positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process]
Metabolic proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0006569[tryptophan catabolic process] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019441[tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0046872[metal ion binding]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
