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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Enzymes
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
3
Cytoband
q13.33
Chromosome location (bp)
119821321 - 120094994
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), EIF2B, CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC, AXIN1, DPYSL2/CRMP2, JUN, NFATC1/NFATC, MAPT/TAU and MACF1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates 8,9. In skeletal muscle, contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glycogen synthesis 10. May also mediate the development of insulin resistance by regulating activation of transcription factors 11. Regulates protein synthesis by controlling the activity of initiation factor 2B (EIF2BE/EIF2B5) in the same manner as glycogen synthase 12. In Wnt signaling, GSK3B forms a multimeric complex with APC, AXIN1 and CTNNB1/beta-catenin and phosphorylates the N-terminus of CTNNB1 leading to its degradation mediated by ubiquitin/proteasomes 13. Phosphorylates JUN at sites proximal to its DNA-binding domain, thereby reducing its affinity for DNA 14. Phosphorylates NFATC1/NFATC on conserved serine residues promoting NFATC1/NFATC nuclear export, shutting off NFATC1/NFATC gene regulation, and thereby opposing the action of calcineurin 15. Phosphorylates MAPT/TAU on 'Thr-548', decreasing significantly MAPT/TAU ability to bind and stabilize microtubules 16. MAPT/TAU is the principal component of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease 17. Plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex 18. Phosphorylates MACF1, inhibiting its binding to microtubules which is critical for its role in bulge stem cell migration and skin wound repair (By similarity). Probably regulates NF-kappa-B (NFKB1) at the transcriptional level and is required for the NF-kappa-B-mediated anti-apoptotic response to TNF-alpha (TNF/TNFA) (By similarity). Negatively regulates replication in pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in apoptosis, loss of beta-cells and diabetes (By similarity). Through phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1, may control cell apoptosis in response to growth factors deprivation (By similarity). Phosphorylates MUC1 in breast cancer cells, decreasing the interaction of MUC1 with CTNNB1/beta-catenin 19. Is necessary for the establishment of neuronal polarity and axon outgrowth 20. Phosphorylates MARK2, leading to inhibition of its activity (By similarity). Phosphorylates SIK1 at 'Thr-182', leading to sustainment of its activity 21. Phosphorylates ZC3HAV1 which enhances its antiviral activity 22. Phosphorylates SNAI1, leading to its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation 23,24,25,26. Phosphorylates SFPQ at 'Thr-687' upon T-cell activation 27. Phosphorylates NR1D1 st 'Ser-55' and 'Ser-59' and stabilizes it by protecting it from proteasomal degradation. Regulates the circadian clock via phosphorylation of the major clock components including BMAL1, CLOCK and PER2 28,29. Phosphorylates FBXL2 at 'Thr-404' and primes it for ubiquitination by the SCF(FBXO3) complex and proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Phosphorylates CLOCK AT 'Ser-427' and targets it for proteasomal degradation 30. Phosphorylates BMAL1 at 'Ser-17' and 'Ser-21' and primes it for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation 31. Phosphorylates OGT at 'Ser-3' or 'Ser-4' which positively regulates its activity. Phosphorylates MYCN in neuroblastoma cells which may promote its degradation 32. Regulates the circadian rhythmicity of hippocampal long-term potentiation and BMAL1 and PER2 expression (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of autophagy by mediating phosphorylation of KAT5/TIP60 under starvation conditions, activating KAT5/TIP60 acetyltransferase activity and promoting acetylation of key autophagy regulators, such as ULK1 and RUBCNL/Pacer 33. Negatively regulates extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors. Promotes the formation of an anti-apoptotic complex, made of DDX3X, BRIC2 and GSK3B, at death receptors, including TNFRSF10B. The anti-apoptotic function is most effective with weak apoptotic signals and can be overcome by stronger stimulation 34. Phosphorylates E2F1, promoting the interaction between E2F1 and USP11, stabilizing E2F1 and promoting its activity 35,36. Phosphorylates mTORC2 complex component RICTOR at 'Thr-1695' which facilitates FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of RICTOR 37. Phosphorylates FXR1, promoting FXR1 ubiquitination by the SCF(FBXO4) complex and FXR1 degradation by the proteasome (By similarity). Phosphorylates interleukin-22 receptor subunit IL22RA1, preventing its proteasomal degradation (By similarity)....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Developmental protein, Kinase, Serine/threonine-protein kinase, Signal transduction inhibitor, Transferase
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
ATP-binding, Nucleotide-binding
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine-threonine kinase belonging to the glycogen synthase kinase subfamily. It is a negative regulator of glucose homeostasis and is involved in energy metabolism, inflammation, ER-stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptotic pathways. Defects in this gene have been associated with Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Kinases CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinases MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0001837[epithelial to mesenchymal transition] GO:0001954[positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion] GO:0002020[protease binding] GO:0002039[p53 binding] GO:0003170[heart valve development] GO:0004672[protein kinase activity] GO:0004674[protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005524[ATP binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005813[centrosome] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0005975[carbohydrate metabolic process] GO:0005977[glycogen metabolic process] GO:0006468[protein phosphorylation] GO:0006983[ER overload response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007212[dopamine receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007399[nervous system development] GO:0007623[circadian rhythm] GO:0008013[beta-catenin binding] GO:0008286[insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0009968[negative regulation of signal transduction] GO:0010508[positive regulation of autophagy] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010822[positive regulation of mitochondrion organization] GO:0010975[regulation of neuron projection development] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016055[Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0016301[kinase activity] GO:0016310[phosphorylation] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0018105[peptidyl-serine phosphorylation] GO:0018107[peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation] GO:0019082[viral protein processing] GO:0019901[protein kinase binding] GO:0021766[hippocampus development] GO:0030010[establishment of cell polarity] GO:0030011[maintenance of cell polarity] GO:0030154[cell differentiation] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0030425[dendrite] GO:0030516[regulation of axon extension] GO:0030877[beta-catenin destruction complex] GO:0031175[neuron projection development] GO:0031333[negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly] GO:0031334[positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly] GO:0031625[ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0032091[negative regulation of protein binding] GO:0032092[positive regulation of protein binding] GO:0032436[positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0032515[negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity] GO:0032886[regulation of microtubule-based process] GO:0034236[protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding] GO:0034452[dynactin binding] GO:0035556[intracellular signal transduction] GO:0036016[cellular response to interleukin-3] GO:0042752[regulation of circadian rhythm] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043161[proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0043547[positive regulation of GTPase activity] GO:0045597[positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045719[negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process] GO:0045724[positive regulation of cilium assembly] GO:0045732[positive regulation of protein catabolic process] GO:0046777[protein autophosphorylation] GO:0046825[regulation of protein export from nucleus] GO:0046827[positive regulation of protein export from nucleus] GO:0048156[tau protein binding] GO:0048511[rhythmic process] GO:0048814[regulation of dendrite morphogenesis] GO:0050321[tau-protein kinase activity] GO:0050770[regulation of axonogenesis] GO:0051059[NF-kappaB binding] GO:0051093[negative regulation of developmental process] GO:0051128[regulation of cellular component organization] GO:0060079[excitatory postsynaptic potential] GO:0061629[RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding] GO:0070507[regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0070885[negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade] GO:0071109[superior temporal gyrus development] GO:0071300[cellular response to retinoic acid] GO:0090090[negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0097191[extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097192[extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand] GO:0098793[presynapse] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0098978[glutamatergic synapse] GO:0099171[presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission] GO:0106027[neuron projection organization] GO:0106310[protein serine kinase activity] GO:0150101[regulation of microtubule anchoring at centrosome] GO:1900034[regulation of cellular response to heat] GO:1900181[negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus] GO:1900271[regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation] GO:1901030[positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1901215[negative regulation of neuron death] GO:1901216[positive regulation of neuron death] GO:1901984[negative regulation of protein acetylation] GO:1902042[negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors] GO:1903566[positive regulation of protein localization to cilium] GO:1904339[negative regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation] GO:1904646[cellular response to amyloid-beta] GO:1904781[positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome] GO:1904886[beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly] GO:1905240[negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation] GO:1990909[Wnt signalosome] GO:2000077[negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell development] GO:2000466[negative regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity] GO:2000740[negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Kinases CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinases MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0001837[epithelial to mesenchymal transition] GO:0001954[positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion] GO:0002020[protease binding] GO:0002039[p53 binding] GO:0003170[heart valve development] GO:0004672[protein kinase activity] GO:0004674[protein serine/threonine kinase activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005524[ATP binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005813[centrosome] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0005975[carbohydrate metabolic process] GO:0005977[glycogen metabolic process] GO:0006468[protein phosphorylation] GO:0006983[ER overload response] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0007212[dopamine receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007399[nervous system development] GO:0007623[circadian rhythm] GO:0008013[beta-catenin binding] GO:0008286[insulin receptor signaling pathway] GO:0009968[negative regulation of signal transduction] GO:0010508[positive regulation of autophagy] GO:0010628[positive regulation of gene expression] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0010822[positive regulation of mitochondrion organization] GO:0010975[regulation of neuron projection development] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016055[Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0016301[kinase activity] GO:0016310[phosphorylation] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0018105[peptidyl-serine phosphorylation] GO:0018107[peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation] GO:0019082[viral protein processing] GO:0019901[protein kinase binding] GO:0021766[hippocampus development] GO:0030010[establishment of cell polarity] GO:0030011[maintenance of cell polarity] GO:0030154[cell differentiation] GO:0030424[axon] GO:0030425[dendrite] GO:0030516[regulation of axon extension] GO:0030877[beta-catenin destruction complex] GO:0031175[neuron projection development] GO:0031333[negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly] GO:0031334[positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly] GO:0031625[ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0032091[negative regulation of protein binding] GO:0032092[positive regulation of protein binding] GO:0032436[positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0032515[negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity] GO:0032886[regulation of microtubule-based process] GO:0034236[protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding] GO:0034452[dynactin binding] GO:0035556[intracellular signal transduction] GO:0036016[cellular response to interleukin-3] GO:0042752[regulation of circadian rhythm] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043161[proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0043547[positive regulation of GTPase activity] GO:0045597[positive regulation of cell differentiation] GO:0045719[negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process] GO:0045724[positive regulation of cilium assembly] GO:0045732[positive regulation of protein catabolic process] GO:0046777[protein autophosphorylation] GO:0046825[regulation of protein export from nucleus] GO:0046827[positive regulation of protein export from nucleus] GO:0048156[tau protein binding] GO:0048511[rhythmic process] GO:0048814[regulation of dendrite morphogenesis] GO:0050321[tau-protein kinase activity] GO:0050770[regulation of axonogenesis] GO:0051059[NF-kappaB binding] GO:0051093[negative regulation of developmental process] GO:0051128[regulation of cellular component organization] GO:0060079[excitatory postsynaptic potential] GO:0061629[RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding] GO:0070507[regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0070885[negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade] GO:0071109[superior temporal gyrus development] GO:0071300[cellular response to retinoic acid] GO:0090090[negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0097191[extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:0097192[extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand] GO:0098793[presynapse] GO:0098794[postsynapse] GO:0098978[glutamatergic synapse] GO:0099171[presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission] GO:0106027[neuron projection organization] GO:0106310[protein serine kinase activity] GO:0150101[regulation of microtubule anchoring at centrosome] GO:1900034[regulation of cellular response to heat] GO:1900181[negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus] GO:1900271[regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation] GO:1901030[positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway] GO:1901215[negative regulation of neuron death] GO:1901216[positive regulation of neuron death] GO:1901984[negative regulation of protein acetylation] GO:1902042[negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors] GO:1903566[positive regulation of protein localization to cilium] GO:1904339[negative regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation] GO:1904646[cellular response to amyloid-beta] GO:1904781[positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome] GO:1904886[beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly] GO:1905240[negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation] GO:1990909[Wnt signalosome] GO:2000077[negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell development] GO:2000466[negative regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity] GO:2000740[negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation]
SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)