Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Symptoms can manifest in dermatological, neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and renal settings. This inflammatory disease affects multiple organs such as the skin, heart, lungs, joints, and kidneys. The disease is characterized by different phases of remission and relapse (Yu H et al. (2021)). The disease usually affects women, with approximately 90% of patients being female (Siegel CH et al. (2024)). Antimalarial therapy by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the most common treatment option for SLE that reduces the risk of thrombosis and minimizes musculoskeletal and cutaneous manifestations of disease. Early diagnosis is critical for minimizing tissue damage and preventing disease flare-ups; autoantibodies have been found in the blood serum of SLE patients between 3-9 years prior to diagnosis (Lazar S et al. (2023)).

Differential Abundance Analysis Results

This section presents the results of the differential protein abundance analysis, visualized through a volcano plot and summarized in the accompanying table for all three comparisons: 1) disease vs. healthy samples, 2) disease vs. diseases from the same class, and 3) disease vs. all other diseases.

Disease vs Healthy
Disease vs Class
Disease vs All other