Metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality. It can affect multiple organ systems, including adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and the cardiovascular system (Saklayen MG. (2018)). Common components include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (Saklayen MG. (2018)). Specific criteria for diagnosis vary, but generally require the presence of at least three of the following: increased waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose (Eckel RH et al. (2010)). Risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, advancing age, hormonal imbalance, and genetic predisposition. Metabolic syndrome is associated with a 2-fold increase in cardiovascular outcomes and a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality (Grundy SM et al. (2005)). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has been increasing worldwide, with estimates ranging from 20-25% of the adult population in many countries. It is more common in older adults and certain ethnic groups (Eckel RH et al. (2010)). Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, including weight loss, increased physical activity, and dietary changes. Pharmacological interventions may be necessary to address specific components such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or hyperglycemia (Lim Y et al. (2024)).

Differential Abundance Analysis Results

This section presents the results of the differential protein abundance analysis, visualized through a volcano plot and summarized in the accompanying table for all three comparisons: 1) disease vs. healthy samples, 2) disease vs. diseases from the same class, and 3) disease vs. all other diseases.