Breast cancer

Breast cancer forms in the epithelial cells lining the ducts or lobules of the breast. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but is far more common in women. Breast cancer can be non-invasive, which does not go beyond the milk ducts or lobules in the breast, or invasive, which spreads into surrounding tissues and/or distant organs. Symptoms includes a lump or thickening in the breast, abnormal nipple or areola appearance, and abnormal fluid from the nipple. Over time, these in situ cancers may progress and invade the surrounding breast tissue, and subsequently spread throughout the lymph nodes and organs. The stage of breast cancer describes how much the cancer has grown, and if or where it has spread. Breast cancer treatment is varied and can be highly effective, especially when the disease is identified early. Treatment options include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and surgical resection of either the cancerous tissue (lumpectomy) or the whole breast (mastectomy). Risk factors include age, obesity, and family history. Certain gene mutations such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB-2 can increase breast cancer risk. (WHO).

Differential Abundance Analysis Results

This section presents the results of the differential protein abundance analysis, visualized through a volcano plot and summarized in the accompanying table for all three comparisons: 1) disease vs. healthy samples, 2) disease vs. diseases from the same class, and 3) disease vs. all other diseases.