Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings and unusual shifts in a person’s energy, activity, and concentration levels. During manic episodes, individuals may feel euphoric, energetic, and require less sleep, while depressive phases are marked by low energy, sadness, indifference, or feelings of hopelessness. Bipolar disorder affects about 2% of the global population, with similar rates across both sexes. The onset of symptoms often occurs between the ages of 20-25 years, where an earlier onset is associated with a worse prognosis (Nierenberg AA et al. (2023)).

Treatments for bipolar disorders involve the use of antipsychotics and mood stabilisers (Lane NM et al. (2023)). Despite the depressive aspect of the disease, antidepressants are not recommended unless they are combined with mood stabilisers or antipsychotics to avoid triggering manic episodes. Additionally, nonpharmaceutical approaches, such as pshychosocial and lifestyle interventions, have been found to improve symptoms and functionality.

NIH - Bipolar disorder

Differential Abundance Analysis Results

This section presents the results of the differential protein abundance analysis, visualized through a volcano plot and summarized in the accompanying table for all three comparisons: 1) disease vs. healthy samples, 2) disease vs. all other diseases.