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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Human gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across tissues. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.
Hindbrain - Mixed function (mainly)
Tissue specificityi
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the consensus dataset which is calculated from the RNA expression levels in samples from HPA and GTEX. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.
Not detected
Human brain
Pig brain
Mouse brain
Regional specificityi
The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. All brain expression profiles are based on data from HPA. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category.
Group enriched (Medulla oblongata, Pons, Spinal cord)
Group enriched (Medulla oblongata, Spinal cord)
Region enriched (Pons and medulla)
Tau specificity scorei
Tau specificity score is a numerical indicator of the specificity of the gene expression across cells or tissues. The value ranges from 0 and 1, where 0 indicates identical expression across all cells/tissue types, while 1 indicates expression in a single cell/tissue type.
0.67
0.79
0.87
Regional distributioni
The regional distribution category is based on mRNA expression detected above cut off or not in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. Brain expression for all species is based on data from HPA. The distribution categories include: detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue distribution category.
Detected in many
Detected in many
Detected in some
Cellular locationi
Manually selected location of the protein positivity, observed by immunofluorescence staining in mouse brain.
Dendrite, axon and synapse in neurons. Circumventricular organs of ependymal cells.
Protein profilei
A summary of the overall protein localization across the analyzed brain tissue. The summary is based on manual annotation.
Mouse brain profiles includes a more extensive summary of the protein location while summaries with only human protein profile are more limited and are based on imported data/images from the Tissue Atlas stainings that has undergone an additional brain-centric curation step.
SLC6A5 is highly enriched and displays moderate-intensity immunostaining of fine axonal networks in selected forebrain regions, such as the anterior and tuberal hypothalamus, lateral septum, BNST, certain thalamic nuclei and parts of amygdala. In the brainstem, widespread and general moderate-strong intensity immunostaining of axonal networks and synaptic fields is noticed. This protein distribution profile is in accordance with available RNA expression data and published literature.
BRAIN RNA EXPRESSIONi
The data is based on'bulk'RNAseq of micro-punched brain areas and brain nuclei. The size of the punches was adjusted to the size of the brain region to obtain detailed protein expression information on distinct cell populations. Multiple samples were collected from the same donors allowing a mild normalization and correction for individual variation. Data is expressed as normalized tags per million (nTPM). Protein expression data is organized on the 13 main brain structures representing the maximum value found in any of the brain areas that make up that structure. A detailed overview of the expression in any of the brain areas is summarized in bar plots for each brain structure.
Normalized RNA expression levels (nTPM) shown for the 13 brain regions. Color coding is based on brain region and the bar shows the highest expression among the subregions included. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
This is data based on'bulk'RNAseq (GTex) and Cap Analysis of gene expression. Protein expression is is expressed as normalized tags per million (nTPM).
GTEX AND FANTOM HUMAN BRAIN
GTEx Human brain RNA-Seq dataseti
GTEx dataset RNA-seq tissue data generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project is reported as mean nTPM, corresponding to mean values of the different individual samples for respective subregion. Highest expression among the subregions represents the brain region. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
FANTOM5 dataset Tissue data for RNA expression obtained through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) generated by the FANTOM5 project are reported as Scaled Tags Per Million. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
HPA Pig dataset HPA RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean nTPM (normalized expression) for each of the brain regions analyzed in pig. The detailed pages (reached when clicking a bar or regional name) show nTPM values at the individual sample level. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
The pig brain transcriptomics project is a collaborative project between human protein atlas and the Lars Bolund institute of regenerative Medicine (Dr. Yonglun Luo), BGI-Qingdao, China.
HPA Mouse dataset HPA RNA-seq tissue data is reported as mean nTPM (normalized expression) for each of the brain regions analyzed in mouse. The detailed pages (reached when clicking a bar or regional name) show nTPM values at the individual sample level. To access sample data, click on region name or bar.
The Allen Mouse Brain ISH The expression values based on in situ hybridization (ISH) available through the ABA API (ยฉ 2004 Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen Mouse Brain Atlas) is imported and show regional expression grouped in the same manner as the other datasets. To access sample data and links to the ABA, click on region name or bar.
MOUSE BRAIN PROTEIN LOCATIONi
Mouse brain protein profiles are based in serial sections of the adult mouse brain analyzed by immunofluorescence. The staining intensity and regional distribution is manually summarized.
Protein profile
SLC6A5 is highly enriched and displays moderate-intensity immunostaining of fine axonal networks in selected forebrain regions, such as the anterior and tuberal hypothalamus, lateral septum, BNST, certain thalamic nuclei and parts of amygdala. In the brainstem, widespread and general moderate-strong intensity immunostaining of axonal networks and synaptic fields is noticed. This protein distribution profile is in accordance with available RNA expression data and published literature.
Cellular location
Dendrite, axon and synapse in neurons. Circumventricular organs of ependymal cells.
Protein profile reliability
Supported based on CAB079052
HPA Mouse staining intesityi
The score is based on the relative fluorescence, defined as intensity of the annotated region relative to the intensity of the region with highest intensity. The digitalized images are processed (axel-adjusted and tissue edges defined) and regions of interest (ROIs) are then marked. These ROIs are then used for image analysis and the relative fluorescence intensity is listed for each region. For more data and regional information click on the bar or the regional name.
Selected annotations
Thalamus
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Fiber labeling in paraventricular thalamic nucleus
ahc
pv
pirl3
rt
lot
pa
pirl1
pirl2
st
pe
FRONTBACK
100 ฮผm
EXPRESSION CLUSTERING & CORRELATIONi
The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across samples. The resulting clusters have been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity. The annotation of the cluster is displayed together with a confidence score of the gene's assignment to the cluster. The confidence is calculated as the fraction of times the gene was assigned to this cluster in repeated calculations and is reported between 0 to 1, where 1 is the highest possible confidence. The clustering results are shown in a UMAP, where the cluster this gene was assigned to is highlighted as a colored area in which most of the cluster genes reside. A table shows the 15 most similar genes in terms of expression profile.
SLC6A5 is part of cluster 43Hindbrain - Mixed function with confidencei
Confidence is the fraction of times a gene was assigned to the cluster in repeated clustering, and therefore reflects how strongly associated it is to the cluster. A confidence of 1 indicates that the gene was assigned to this cluster in all repeated clusterings.
Correlation between the selected gene and neighboring gene. Correlation is calculated as Spearman correlation in PCA space based on the RNA-seq expression data.
Clusteri
ID of the expression cluster of the neighboring gene.