The pituitary gland-specific proteome

The pituitary gland (also called hypophysis) is a hormone-producing gland of dual embryonic origin, the anterior endocrine gland and the posterior neuronal gland. The anterior lobe is divided into three regions: pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia. These structures consist mainly of hormone-producing epithelial cells (somatotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes, gonadotropes and lactotropes) that store hormones and other molecules in secretory granules, to later be released into the bloodstream and facilitates further downstream effects in peripheral tissues. The posterior lobe consists mainly of unmyelinated axons of hypothalamic secretory neuronal cells, from the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and pituicytes, a type of glial cell that supports the storage and release of hormones. Neurohypophysial hormones, containing antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin, travels along the axons from the hypothalamic neurons to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary, specifically to the pars nervosa - the main structure of the posterior gland. Transcriptome analysis shows that 73% (n=14689) of all human proteins (n=20162) are expressed in the pituitary gland and 279 of these genes show an elevated expression in the pituitary gland compared to other tissue types.

  • 279 elevated genes
  • 25 enriched genes
  • 115 group enriched genes
  • Pituitary gland has most group enriched gene expression in common with brain
  • Anterior pituitary gland includes five cell lineages of specialized endocrine cells


Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the pituitary gland and its position underneath the hypothalamus.


The pituitary gland transcriptome

Transcriptome analysis of the pituitary gland can be visualized with regard to the specificity and distribution of transcribed mRNA molecules (Figure 2). Specificity illustrates the number of genes with elevated or non-elevated expression in the pituitary gland compared to other tissues. Elevated expression includes three subcategory types of elevated expression:

  • Tissue enriched: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in pituitary gland compared to any other tissues.
  • Group enriched: At least four-fold higher average mRNA level in a group of 2-5 tissues compared to any other tissue.
  • Tissue enhanced: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in pituitary gland compared to the average level in all other tissues.

Distribution, on the other hand, visualizes how many genes have, or do not have, detectable levels (nTPM≥1) of transcribed mRNA molecules in the pituitary gland compared to other tissues. As evident in Table 1, all genes elevated in pituitary gland are categorized as:

  • Detected in single: Detected in a single tissue
  • Detected in some: Detected in more than one but less than one-third of tissues
  • Detected in many: Detected in at least a third but not all tissues
  • Detected in all: Detected in all tissues

A. Specificity

B. Distribution

Figure 2. (A) The distribution of all genes across the five categories based on transcript specificity in pituitary gland as well as in all other tissues. (B) The distribution of all genes across the six categories, based on transcript detection (nTPM≥1) in pituitary gland as well as in all other tissues.

As shown in Figure 1, 279 genes show some level of elevated expression in the pituitary gland compared to other tissues. The three categories of genes with elevated expression in pituitary gland compared to other organs are shown in Table 1. In Table 2, the 12 genes with the highest enrichment in pituitary gland are defined.

Table 1. The number of genes in the subdivided categories of elevated expression in pituitary gland.

Distribution in the 36 tissues
Detected in singleDetected in someDetected in manyDetected in all Total
Specificity
Tissue enriched 105100 25
Group enriched 072403 115
Tissue enhanced 260716 139
Total 121371219 279


Table 2. The 12 genes with the highest level of enriched expression in pituitary gland. "Tissue distribution" describes the transcript detection (nTPM≥1) in pituitary gland as well as in all other tissues. "mRNA (tissue)" shows the transcript level in pituitary gland as nTPM values. "Tissue specificity score (TS)" corresponds to the fold-change between the expression level in pituitary gland and the tissue with the second-highest expression level.

Gene
Description
Tissue distribution
mRNA (tissue)
Tissue specificity score
TSHB thyroid stimulating hormone subunit beta Detected in single 1711.1 2636
PRL prolactin Detected in many 36497.9 1033
GH1 growth hormone 1 Detected in many 57767.1 869
POMC proopiomelanocortin Detected in many 33452.7 603
GHRHR growth hormone releasing hormone receptor Detected in single 206.1 351
FSHB follicle stimulating hormone subunit beta Detected in single 232.6 292
LHB luteinizing hormone subunit beta Detected in many 4374.0 249
POU1F1 POU class 1 homeobox 1 Detected in single 58.1 138
LHX3 LIM homeobox 3 Detected in some 56.8 53
TGFBR3L transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 like Detected in some 103.2 49
AVPR1B arginine vasopressin receptor 1B Detected in single 6.6 18
GPR50 G protein-coupled receptor 50 Detected in single 16.6 17


Protein expression of genes elevated in pituitary gland

In-depth analysis of the elevated genes in pituitary gland using antibody-based protein profiling allowed us to create a map of where the corresponding proteins are expressed within the anterior (adeno) pituitary gland.

Adenopituitary proteins and hormones

The anterior pituitary hormone secretion is under the influence of hypothalamic hormone releasing hormones, and stimulates the release of several different hormones.

The hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone binds the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor, which in turn stimulates the thyrotropic cells to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHB). In a similar fashion, the secretion of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) from the corticotropes is stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) binding to the receptor (CRHR1). POMC is a precursor to ACTH, opioid peptides and alpha-MSH. Furthermore, the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHB) and luteinizing hormone (LHB) is dependant on the stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH1).


TSHB

POMC

CRHR1


FSHB

LHB

GNRHR

Prolactin (PRL) is a secreted anterior pituitary hormone and functions as a growth regulator for many tissues, and it is essential for stimulating lactation. The gene (AVPR1B) encodes a G-coupled receptor for arginine vasopressin. The AVPR1B receptor is expressed in the anterior pituitary and is implicated in ACTH release. Another protein, Galanin (GAL) is a physiologically active neuropeptide that is implicated in nociception, feeding and energy homeostasis, osmotic regulation and water balance. Galanin immunoreactivity can be observed in the pituitary but also in the hypothalamus.


PRL

AVPR1B

GAL

Proteins involved in adenopituitary cell type-specific differentiation

Cellular differentiation in the anterior pituitary is dependent on specific transcription factors. PROP1 is believed to mainly be involved in the differentiation of gonadotropes, as well as somatotropes and lactotropes. T-Pit (T-box family member TBX19) regulates the POMC lineage and corticotrophs. While the Pit-1 transcription factor, encoded by the POU1F1 gene, specifies lineage of the lactotropes, somatotropes and thyrotropes. Lineage-markers against different transcription factors are useful in classifying pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.


PROP1

TBX19

POU1F1


Gene expression shared between the pituitary gland and other tissues

There are 115 group enriched genes expressed in pituitary gland. Group enriched genes are defined as genes showing a 4-fold higher average level of mRNA expression in a group of 2-5 tissues, including pituitary gland, compared to all other tissues.

To illustrate the relation of pituitary gland tissue to other tissue types, a network plot was generated, displaying the number of genes with a shared expression between different tissue types.

Figure 3. An interactive network plot of the pituitary gland enriched and group enriched genes connected to their respective enriched tissues (grey circles). Red nodes represent the number of pituitary gland enriched genes and orange nodes represent the number of genes that are group enriched. The sizes of the red and orange nodes are related to the number of genes displayed within the node. Each node is clickable and results in a list of all enriched genes connected to the highlighted edges. The network is limited to group enriched genes in combinations of up to 4 tissues, but the resulting lists show the complete set of group enriched genes in the particular tissue.


There are 115 group enriched genes expressed in the pituitary gland and most of that expression is shared with the brain. The pituitary gland also shares many proteins with the adrenal gland and other endocrine tissues. The neuroendocrine protein secretogranin 2, encoded by the (SCG2) gene, is group enriched in the adrenal gland, brain and pituitary gland. Secretogranin 2 has an important function in the packaging and sorting of hormones and neuropeptides into secretory vesicles.


SCG2 - pituitary gland

SCG2 - adrenal gland


SCG2 - cerebral cortex

SCG2 - hypothalamus

Delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1) is a transmembrane protein involved in cell signaling and regulation and have important roles in developmental processes and cell differentiation, however the exact function of DLK1 is still uncertain. DLK1 is group enriched in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland and placenta.


DLK1 - pituitary gland

DLK1 - adrenal gland

DLK1 - placenta

The pituitary glycoprotein hormones: luteinizing hormone (LHB), follicle stimulating hormone (FSHB), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHB), and the placental chorionic gonadotropin consists of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit for these proteins is encoded by the CGA gene, and is group enriched in the pituitary gland and placenta.


CGA - pituitary gland

CGA - placenta


Proteins analyzed in pituitary gland tissue

The standard setup in the Tissue Atlas is based on Tissue Micro array technique (TMA), thus saving valuable tissue material as well as reagents and providing a wide tissue representation for protein profiling. In addition to the standard setup, extended tissue profiling in the pituitary gland is performed for selected proteins, to give a more complete overview of where the proteins are expressed. The full list of genes used for protein profiling on pituitary gland samples is defined in Table 3.

Table 3. The following 62 genes have been analyzed in pituitary gland.

Gene
Gene description
Staining pattern
ADCYAP1 Adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 Highly abundant in a subset of anterior pituitary cells.
ARHGAP11A-SCG5 ARHGAP11A-SCG5 readthrough Strong cytoplasmic staining in a subset of cells in anterior pituitary gland.
ARHGAP36 Rho GTPase activating protein 36 Strong cytoplasmic staining in a subset of cells in anterior pituitary gland.
ATP8A2 ATPase phospholipid transporting 8A2 Moderate cytoplasmic staining in anterior pituitary gland.
AVPR1B Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B Strong membranous and cytoplasmic staining in anterior pituitary cells.
CCDC66 Coiled-coil domain containing 66 Cytoplasmic staining in most anterior pituitary cells.
CGA Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide Anterior lobe of pituitary gland strongly stained.
CGB1 Chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 1 Cytoplasmic positivity in anterior lobe.
CHGB Chromogranin B Strong in anterior pituitary gland.
CHST14 Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 Strong cytoplasmic staining in subsets of cells in anterior pituitary.
CHST8 Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 8 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in anterior pituitary gland.
CNR1 Cannabinoid receptor 1 Membranous and cytoplasmic speckle-staining in most anterior pituitary cells.
COL22A1 Collagen type XXII alpha 1 chain Strong intracellular staining in a subset of cells in anterior pituitary gland.
CRHR1 Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 Cytoplasmic staining in a subset of anterior pituitary cells.
CSH1 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
CSH2 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
CSHL1 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone like 1 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
CSRNP3 Cysteine and serine rich nuclear protein 3 Moderate nuclear positivity in anterior pituitary.
DLK1 Delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in anterior cells.
ENSG00000285947 Novel protein Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
FBXO16 F-box protein 16 Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in anterior pituitary gland.
FSHB Follicle stimulating hormone subunit beta Strong cytoplasmic staining in a subset of cells in anterior pituitary gland.
Show allShow less


Pituitary gland histology and function

The pituitary gland, or hypophysis (Gr. hypo, under, + physis, growth) is a small hormone-producing gland of dual embryonic origin that is about 1 cm in diameter and weighs approximately 0.5g. The pituitary gland lies in the cavity of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica), beneath the third ventricle of the brain. The dual origin of the pituitary gland derives from the gland being partly oral ectoderm and partly nervous tissue. During early gestation, a "loop" of ectodermal tissue arises from the roof of the mouth (called Rathke’s pouch) and combines together with a "loop" from the diencephalon of the developing brain. The function of the two parts stays separated as the anterior and posterior lobes, also called adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, respectively.

The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in human physiology, and together with the hypothalamus, the gland forms a link between the nervous and endocrine system, to control the functions of the thyroid, adrenal glands, and the gonads. The pituitary also regulates growth, lactation, and water preservation.

The anterior glands consists of epithelial cells that produce different hormones:

Cell type and Staining Affinity Hormone Produced
Somatotropic cells (acidophilic) Growth hormone
Mammotropic/Lactotropic cells (acidophilic) Prolactin
Gonadotropic cells (basophilic) Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone
Thyrotropic cells (basophilic) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Corticotropic cells (basophilic) Corticotropin (ACTH)
Melanotropes (basophilic) Alpha Melanocytic-stimulating hormone

The posterior pituitary gland consists mainly of unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic secretory neuronal cells located in the supraoptic and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. The axons form the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and their terminals end in the posterior lobe. The neurons secrete a neurosecretory compound that mostly contains oxytocin or vasopressin. Surrounding these axons are pituicytes, which are glial cells that support the storage and release of the hormones.


Background

Here, the protein-coding genes expressed in pituitary gland are described and characterized, together with examples of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections that visualize corresponding protein expression patterns of genes with elevated expression in pituitary gland.

Transcript profiling was based on a combination of two transcriptomics datasets (HPA and GTEx), corresponding to a total of 14590 samples from 50 different human normal tissue types. The final consensus normalized expression (nTPM) value for each tissue type was used for the classification of all genes according to the tissue-specific expression into two different categories, based on specificity or distribution.


Relevant links and publications

Uhlén M et al., Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (2015)
PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419

Fagerberg L et al., Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. (2014)
PubMed: 24309898 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600

Sjöstedt E et al., A specific antibody to detect transcription factor T-Pit: a reliable marker of corticotroph cell differentiation and a tool to improve the classification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Acta Neuropathol. (2017)
PubMed: 28823042 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1768-9

Sjöstedt E et al., Integration of Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Proteomics for Exploration of Proteins Expressed in Specialized Tissues. J Proteome Res. (2018)
PubMed: 30272454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00406